Muntingia calabura pdf

Unfortunately, compound 86 was not tested due to low yield. In their study, the leaves of M. Unfortunately, although the study was aimed to report the use of two types of extracts, MEMM Fr and AEMCFr in their pharmacognostic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies, only the data of the anti-inflammatory activity of the two extracts were adequately reported, while the study on acute toxicity was not mentioned in the report.

Meanwhile, antioxidant data presented was only for one extract, which was also not specifically described. The authors prepared two types of extracts from M. All extracts were reported to be toxic to the larvae and pupae of P. From the results obtained, AEMCL exerted a significant and concentration-dependent antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction test.

Pre-treatment with L-arginine significantly blocked the antinociceptive activity of the extract at the highest concentration while pre-treatment with NG-nitro-L- arginine methyl esters L-NAME significantly enhances the antinociceptive effects at low, concentration but inhibit its effect at higher concentration of AEMCL.

CEMCL was tested for its antinociceptive activity using abdominal constriction test, hot plate test and formalin test. The extract also demonstrated antinociceptive activity when assessed using formalin test, which was seen in both early and late phases of the test. However, the concentration-dependent activity by CEMCL was observed only in the early phase of the formalin test. In addition, the role of temperature and opioid receptors on the antinociceptive activity of the extract was also investigated.

Although a concentration- independent effect was observed in the hot plate test, AEMCL exerted a significant antinociceptive activity at all concentrations tested. The extract exerted a concentration-independent antinociceptive activity in both the early and late phases of the formalin test. In this study, the AEMCL exerted its antinociceptive activity min after its administration while the CEMCL exerted its antinocicpetive activity 60 min after its administration.

The antinociceptive activity of both extracts lasted the whole duration of the experiment. From the results obtained, atropine, phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine, pindolol, haloperidol and bicuculline significantly reversed the antinociceptive activity of AEMCL either partially or completely. On the other hand, phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine, pindolol and bicuculline also significantly decreased the antinociceptive activity of CEMCL. The leaves of M. In the first study, the extract was subjected directly to the abdominal constriction test to develop its antinociceptive profile.

The pre-treated extracts were then subjected to the abdominal constriction test. In the first study, the AEMCL exhibited significant antinociceptive activity in a concentration-dependent manner when assessed using the abdominal constriction test. In the third study, the antinociceptive activity of AEMCL increased significantly after modification of pH to alkaline condition, which is at pH 9 to pH In the fourth study, its antinociceptive activity was not distorted after pretreatment with amylase, protease, lipase or their combination when compared to the untreated AEMCL.

Seven fractions, labeled as A-G, were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of M. In the formalin test, MEMCL showed significant antinociceptive activity in both phases of the formalin test with dose-dependent activity seen only in the early phase.

To determine the involvement of vanilloid receptors, MEMCL was subjected to capsaicin- induced paw licking test. To determine the involvement of glutamatergic system, MEMCL was subjected to the glutamate-induced paw licking test.

Both studies indicated the involvement of vanilloid receptors and glutamatergic system in the modulation of the antinocicpetive activity of MEMCL. Result showed that the antinociceptive activity was significantly attenuated by naloxone in all of the tests used indicating the involvement of opioid receptors in the modulation of antinociceptive activity of MEMCL.

The results showed that L-arginine alone did not affect the acetic acid-induced nociception but significantly reversed the antinociceptive activity of MEMCL. In the second part of this study, MB alone exhibited significant antinociceptive activity, but when pre-challenged with MEMCL, failed to affect the antinociceptive activity. For a comparison purposes, the latency of nociception for both phases of formalin test observed in the negative control group was Since Fraction D showed the most significant antinociception in both phases of the formalin test, it was subjected to the isolation and identification processes leading to the isolation of 25, 55, 64 and Upon testing using the formalin test, all compounds were effective against both phases of formalin-induced nociception wherein all doses tested were effective against the late phase of formalin-induced nociception.

Only single dose of compound 64 was studied as the yiels obtained from extraction was rather too small for multiple dose study. The results obtained demonstrated that the extract exhibited a concentration-independent anti-inflammatory activity. The results obtained demonstrated that both extracts exerted dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced localized edema at 4 h after the administration of extracts. The significant anti-inflammatory activity was recorded at The results showed that the extract exerted a significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity indicated by the reduction in edema formation irrespective of the dose used.

At the doses tested, a dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced localized edema was observed at 4 h. Despite this second report by Preethi et al. The only differences observed were the dose of extract used and the percentage of anti- inflammation recorded. The extract exhibited a concentration-independent antipyretic activity. This preliminary study was carried out by Ibrahim et al. The extract demonstrated significant and dose-dependent antiulcer activity indicated by reduction in the areas of gastric ulcer injuries Further study on the ethanol-treated stomach samples revealed that the EEMCL reduces the acidity of gastric content while increases the mucus production of gastric mucosa when compared to the negative control.

Moreover, the subsequent microscopic observations supported the macroscopic findings. The discrepancy in the range of doses used was attributed to preliminary findings using the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model wherein the extract exerted a dose-independent antiulcer activity.

Histopathological evaluation revealed the extract potential to reverse the toxic effect of ethanol and indomethacin and returned the stomach to almost normal mucosal architecture that is comparable to protection exerted by ranitidine. These findings indicate the participation of endogenous sulfhydryl compounds in the gastroprotective activity demonstrated by MEMCL. Firstly, the serum glucose level was observed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the administration of the extract.

The results showed that both doses of MEMCL produced significant hypoglycaemic effects after 6 and h, respectively in the normal fasted rats. The crude MEMCL was then partitioned using dH2O and chloroform in the ratio of , and the aqueous fraction obtained was further fractionated sequentially using a mixture of dH2O and n- butanol In the second study, the plasma nitrate level was measured using blood samples withdrawn from the femoral artery using the chemiluminescense assay.

In the third study, the biochemical analysis involving protein extraction and Western blot analysis were carried out. Another study was performed to delineate the causative relationship between NO and M.

The decrease in MSAP was followed by a delayed hypotensive effect delayed phase that started at 90 min and lasted for approximately min post- injection. Moreover, intravenous pre-treatment with 0. In addition, 0. The aqueous fraction was collected and further fractionated sequentially using a mixture of dH2O and n-butanol In the first study, the temporal changes in MSAP and HR after the administration of test solutions were determined for 2 h.

On the other hand, the SHR with established hypertension demonstrated initial decreases in MSAP and HR, which was followed by a delayed phase of vasodepressor and bradycardiac responses that began at 40 min and prolonged for at least min post-injection.

Moreover, the BSF-induced depressor response was greater in the initial than the delayed phase while the bradycardia was significantly greater in the delayed phase than the initial phase in the SHR. From the third study, intravenous pre-treatment with 0. Using the AEMCL, of which the location and period of leaves collection were not given, the authors studied the extract ability to attenuate isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Several parameters e. Malaysia is one of the countries with large biodiversity and prosperous flora, and conventionally estimated to include approximately 15, species of higher order plants, many of which are endemic.

Plants play a key part in the cure of ailments and still remain the leading treatment choice for a large majority of people including people of Malaysia. In many countries throughout the world herbal products are either consumed in traditional medical setting or taken as food supplements. A number of medicinal plants have been shown to offer an alternative to synthetic drugs in preventing and treating some chronic and mild diseases. The facts that synthetic and chemical therapeutic approaches possess severe adverse effects have triggered the search for natural products with less or, possibly, no side effect Preethi et al.

In an attempt to find a pure and effective lead from plants, pharmacologists have also collaborated with phytochemists to isolate, identify and determine potential bioactive compounds with specific ability to treat any particular disease through a process known as bioassay-guided fractionation.

Several drugs that are currently available in the international market were the results of exhaustive scientific and systematic explorations of the traditional claims of the plants and ethnopharmacology. Regardless of the global rise in scientific investigation on medicinal plants, only small numbers of plant-derived bioactive compounds have reached the market, locally or internationally, due to their evidence-based therapeutic potentials Mitchell and Ahmad, The reasons for low number of plant-based drugs reaching the market could be associated to the lack of endeavors taken to determine or validate the evidence related to the safety of the respective plant, which, in turn, is mistakenly assumed to be safe due to their plant-based and naturally occurring facts Yob et al.

When using crude drugs to treat a respective ailment, several important questions should be raised such as: the necessary amount of plant to provide adequate healing response, traditional way of preparation e. Normally, plants used in traditional medicine are prepared either as infusions or decoctions, but in some regions, the plants are macerates, either in water or in alcoholic beverages. Based on the traditional claims recorded, various parts of M.

In lieu of this, various types of extracts e. In line with this, several studies have been carried out to isolate various bioactive compounds from different parts of M. A total of 88 pure compounds have been isolated and identified from different extracts of different parts of M. The remaining compounds were firstly isolated from other plants but later found to be present in M. For these reasons, the quality control of herbal extracts is an essential part in any research involving safety, efficacy and therapeutic reproducibility.

Quality control is a difficult task because medicinal plant extracts are complex mixtures of different compounds, which can vary due to various factors including location and period of collection of samples. Such plant will have its parts including leaves, flowers, stems, barks, roots, rhizomes, fruits, grains or seeds, employed in the control or treatment of a disease condition and therefore contains chemical components that are medically active.

By referring to Table 3 in regards of M. However, the scientific approaches used by the researches in their attempts to prove scientifically the traditional claims of M. This might be due to the nature of the plant wherein the leaves and fruits are the parts that are easy to collect in abundant throughout the year. The roots or barks are not well studied probably because of their collections which could lead to damage or death of the tree.

Moreover, studies which use animal models require large amount of samples in order to get sufficient amount of bioactive compounds. With regards to the relationship between the observed pharmacological activities and the different parts of M. Only the leaves and fruits of M. These arguments are supported by our observations that in all of the in vitro assays e. The use of the leaves to study the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiulcer and antiproliferative activities of M.

On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of M. Furthermore, the insecticidal activity was investigated using the samples of flowers and fruits as these two parts are where the insects are mostly attracted to. However, the insecticidal effect of other parts of M. The antidiabetic potential of M. The other activities e. This might be contributed by the researchers attempt to look at other pharmacological potentials of M. Despite their promising potential and increase in use among patients, many medicinal plants or their products are untested and their use is not properly monitored.

Consequently, knowledge of their potential toxicity and side effects is limited. As for M. Between and , four acute toxicity studies were reported on various extracts of different parts of M.

Overall, M. Only one antiproliferative study was reported by Zakaria et al. Furthermore, of the four cytotoxic papers cited in this review paper Kaneda et al. From the results obtained, Sufian et al.

Despite the successes of Kaneda et al. Therefore, it is suggested that any in vitro antiproliferative or cytotoxic studies using cancerous cells should be accompanied by additional studies using normal non-cancerous cells.

The major impediment in the utilization of traditional medicinal plant preparations is poor understanding on the efficacy and safety of the medicinal plants as those plants are regarded as safe. This is further worsened by the negligence among the researchers towards the importance of evaluating toxicity of the medicinal plants, as well as their adverse drug reactions.

Thus, to encourage the use of medicinal plants, it is important to establish the safety of these preparations through toxicological assessments. Of all the pharmacological activities reported above, only the antinociceptive, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects were performed using in vivo assays.

In addition, the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antiulcer studies by Zakaria et al. Other than the above studies, the antidiabetic Sridhar et al. In: Pacific Science , 46 2. Thangadurai, D. Production of bioethanol from Muntingia calabura fruits using Saccharomyces cervisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In: ISAE Thekkayam SG, Top Tropicals, Udanga LE, Datiles for Reforestation. Canopy USDA, Useful Tropical Plants, Useful Tropical Plants Database.

Verdcourt B, In: Beentje HJ, ed. Flora of tropical East Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield, Verheij EWM, Plant Resources of South-East Asia: a selection. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Pudoc, Plant resources of South-East Asia. Edible fruits and nuts. Wageningen, Netherlands; Pudoc, pp. Flora of the Marquesas Islands website. Wagner, W. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Vols.

Webb, C. Flower and fruit movements in Muntingia calabura: a possible mechanism for avoidance of pollinator-disperser interference. Biotropica, 16 1 , Weeds of Australia, Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition.

Werren GL, Rainforest CRC, 76 pp [plus appendices]. White, I. Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics, CAB International. Williams DG, Vegetation and flora of the Cocos Keeling Islands. Wu, S. Catalogue of the naturalized flora of Taiwan. Taiwania, 49 1 , Atlas of Florida Plants. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies.

Adams C D, Flowering plants of Jamaica. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 55 [ed. Brako L, Zarucchi J L, Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru.

CABI, Undated a. In: Urban Ecosystems, 8 Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. Flora, Mesoamericana, In: Atoll Research Bulletin No. In: Micronesica, 16 Gerlach J, Native or introduced plant species? In: Allertonia, 10 Volume 1: weed management in a changing world, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, September Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research.

Universidad Central del Este. MacKee H S, Tropical planting and gardening with special reference to Ceylon. Meyer J Y, In: Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. Invasive trees in Singapore: are they a threat to native forests?

Tropical Conservation Science. In: University of Guam Herbarium Contribution, 37 Biological Invasions. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji Spermatophytes only. Swarbrick J T, Hart R, Plant Protection Quarterly. In: Flora of tropical East Africa, [ed.

Rotterdam, Brookfield, A. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Pudoc. Toggle navigation. Don't need the entire report? Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Generate report. Expand all sections Collapse all sections. Tree growing along a roadside. Puerto Rico.

September Title Habit Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; habit. Title Branch Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; branch, showing leaves. Title Branch Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; branch, showing two-ranked leaves. Title Flower Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; branch, with flower.

February Title Flower Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; flower. Title Fruits Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; branch, with green fruits. Title Fruit Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; branch, with ripening fruits. Title Fruit Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; ripe fruit.

Title Fruit Caption Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; ripe fruit, sectioned to show seeds. Note mm scale. Summary of Invasiveness Top of page M. Description Top of page Small evergreen tree, 3—12 m tall, growing and flowering continuously on fan-like branches; mainline branches becoming erect after leaf fall and so in turn contributing to the formation of the trunk Troll's architectural model.

Distribution Top of page M. Distribution Table Top of page The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. History of Introduction and Spread Top of page M. Risk of Introduction Top of page M. Habitat Top of page M. Growth and Development Inflorescences are initiated by the growing shoot along with the subtending leaf, and develop along with this leaf, the fruit maturing shortly before the leaf falls.

Physiology and Phenology M. Reproductive Biology M. Longevity Fleming et al. Population Size and Structure The density and spatial distribution of trees of M. Associations In the Neotropics, M. Environmental Requirements M. Rainfall Regime Top of page Bimodal Uniform.

Soil Tolerances Top of page Soil drainage free Soil reaction acid alkaline neutral Soil texture light medium Special soil tolerances infertile shallow. Notes on Natural Enemies Top of page M. Accidental Introduction M. Intentional Introduction M. The tiny seeds can travel inadvertently in horticultural substrates Yes Yes Hrusa et al.

Economic Impact Top of page Because the seeds can be found in imported gardening substrates, the seedlings might be a nuisance in greenhouses Ferrer Gallego and Laguna Lumbreras, Environmental Impact Top of page Specific information on the negative impact of M.

Uses Top of page Economic Value A number of bioactive compounds, mostly flavonoids flavones, flavanones and flavans , have been isolated from the roots, bark, wood, leaves and flowers of M. Social Benefit M. Environmental Services As an early successional species, M. Prevention and Control Top of page Due to the variable regulations around de registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control.

Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures In Palau, it has been recommended to discontinue planting this species, and to consider eradication outside cultivation before it spreads further Space et al.

Chemical Control M. Evolution, Fleming TH et al. Phenology, seed dispersal and colonization in Muntingia calabura, a neotropical pioneer tree. American Journal of Botany, Webb CJ, Flower and fruit movements in Muntingia calabura: a possible mechanism for avoidance of pollinator-dispenser interference. Biotropica, Printing Bumrungsri, S. Leisa Magazine, Charles Darwin Foundation, CABI, Undated.

Compendium record. Distribution Maps Top of page You can pan and zoom the map. Select a dataset I want to see the distribution of this species based on the records CABI believe are most reliable.

I want to see other datasets from third-party sources. Map Legends Display By. Map Filters Clear all filters Extent. Unsupported Web Browser: One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.

Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. Ok Cancel. Top of page. Title Habit. Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; habit. Title Branch. Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; branch, showing two-ranked leaves.

Title Flower. Title Fruits. Title Fruit. Muntingia calabura Jamaica cherry ; ripe fruit, sectioned to show seeds. Verdcourt Gerlach Herbarium Herbarium Herbarium specimens. Claussen and Slip Williams Corlett Seebens et al. India Biodiversity Portal CABI Undated a. Verheij Fosberg Kress et al. Pelser et al. Nghiem et al.

MacMillan Wu et al. Flora, Mesoamericana Quesnel and Farrell Wunderlin et al. Wagner et al. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Seebens et al. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Swarbrick and Hart Fosberg et al.

Smith Meyer Thaman et al. James et al. Space et al. Orapa Bishop Museum Meyer Souza Figueiredo et al. Charles Darwin Foundation Berry Hokche et al. Morton The discrepancy in the range of doses used was attributed to preliminary findings using the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model wherein the extract exerted a dose-independent antiulcer activity. Moreover, the role of NO and sulfhydryl groups in mediating the antiulcer activity of MEMCL was also investigated using the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.

Histopathological evaluation revealed the extract potential to reverse the toxic effect of ethanol and indomethacin and returned the stomach to almost normal mucosal architecture that is comparable with protection exerted by ranitidine.

These findings indicate the participation of endogenous sulfhydryl compounds in the gastroprotective activity demonstrated by MEMCL Sani et al. Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email. Antidiabetic activity The leaves of M. Firstly, the serum glucose level was observed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the administration of the extract. The results showed that both doses of MEMCL produced significant hypoglycemic effects after 6 and 4—8 h, respectively, in the normal fasted rats.

Antihypertensive activity The leaves of M. The crude MEMCL was then partitioned using dH2O and chloroform in the ratio of , and the aqueous fraction obtained was further fractionated sequentially using a mixture of dH2O and n-butanol In the second study, the plasma nitrate level was measured using blood samples withdrawn from the femoral artery using the chemiluminescense assay Zakaria et al.

In the third study, the biochemical analysis involving protein extraction and Western blot analysis were carried out. Another study was performed to delineate the causative relationship between NO and M. The findings revealed that intravenous administrations of WSF significantly and dose dependently caused an immediate decrease in MSAP initial phase that returned to the pre-injection baseline within 10 min post-injection without affecting the HR.

The decrease in MSAP was followed by a delayed hypotensive effect delayed phase that started at 90 min and lasted for approximately min post-injection. Moreover, intravenous pretreatment with 0.

In addition, 0. Cardioprotective activity Using the AEMCL, of which the location and period of leaves collection were not given, the authors studied the extract ability to attenuate isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Several parameters e.

In an attempt to find a pure and effective lead from plants. It is worth mentioning that according to the World Health Organization , a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for semisynthesis of chemo-pharmaceutical. Such a plant will have its parts including leaves, flowers, stems, barks, roots, rhizomes, fruits, grains or seeds, employed in the control or treatment of a disease condition and, therefore, contains chemical components that are medically active.

Regard of M. Der Pharma Chemica, ; 7 5 ; International Journal of ChemTech Research. Biology ; 52 12 ; 4. PhcogJ ; 14 2 ; 5. Phcog J; 30 4 ; 51—6. Evid Based Comp Altern Med. IJPPR, ; 9 6 ; J Pharmacol ; 2; — Zakaria ZA. J PharmacolTher ; 6 1 ; 87— J Pharmacol.

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